Cosmic ray experiments and neutrino telescopes investigate particle physics interactions at energies exceeding those achieved at the Large Hadron Collider. This talk will explore how particle physics experiments contribute to modeling interaction processes in the atmosphere. We will discuss the connections between cosmic ray interactions and atmospheric neutrino production, as well as their implications for collider experiments. Additionally, we will address neutrino interactions relevant to neutrino telescopes and examine prospects for neutrino cross-section measurements. We will also review deficiencies in modeling air shower interactions, specifically the challenges posed by the "muon puzzle."